Improving the Government Policy on the Arat Sabulungan Tradition in Mentawai Islands

Refni Yulia; Zulfa Zulfa; Hendra Naldi

doi:10.2121/tawarikh.v10i1.1060

Improving the Government Policy on the Arat Sabulungan Tradition in Mentawai Islands

Refni Yulia, Zulfa Zulfa, Hendra Naldi

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Government policy on banning the “Arat Sabulungan” tradition in Sioban Village, South Sipora Subdistrict, Mentawai Islands District, West Sumatra, Indonesia has occurred since 1954. Since the banning of the “Arat Sabulungan” tradition, it eliminates the local wisdom of the Mentawai people. This is due to the policy of the Mentawai regional government, which abolished tradition. The occurrence of controversy between local governments and Mentawai people, who still carry on the tradition, whereas for the Mentawai people, the “Arat Sabulungan” tradition is very important in the life of Mentawai people. The historical method is used in this study with a qualitative and an ethnographic approaches. The results of this research show that the abolition of “Arat Sabulungan” tradition was the coercion form of the government. However, indigenous peoples in Mentawai Islands are still active in carrying out the “Arat Sabulungan” traditions in cultural, ritual, and ceremonial customs. “Arat Sabulungan”, as belief system, has still existed in the life of the Mentawai indigenous people. Besides other factors, such as their very strong ties to customary law, even though Protestantism, Islam, and Catholicism have become the official religion of the indigenous Mentawai people since 1954, but they still carry out the principles of living in the “Arat Sabulungan” tradition in daily life. Until now, there is still no new customary law system that is able to replace the position of “Arat Sabulungan” that they have upheld. They still think that “Arat Sabulungan” tradition is a belief system; and principles of tradition are still relevant to the culture and legal ideals of the Mentawai people.

KEY WORDS: “Arat Sabulungan” Tradition; Prohibition; Mentawai Islands People; Improvement of the Government Policy.

About the Authors: Refni Yulia, M.Hum. and Zulfa, M.Hum. are the Lecturers at the History Education Department of STKIP PGRI (College of Education and Teacher Training, Teachers United of the Republic of Indonesia) West Sumatera in Padang, Indonesia. Hendra Naldi, M.Hum. is a Lecturer at the History Department, Faculty of Social Sciences UNP (State University of Padang) in West Sumatera, Indonesia. E-mails address: refniyulia17@gmail.com, zulfaeva75@gmail.com, and hendranaldi@gmail.com

Suggested Citation: Yulia, Refni, Zulfa & Hendra Naldi. (2018). “Improving the Government Policy on the Arat Sabulungan Tradition in Mentawai Islands” in TAWARIKH: Journal of Historical Studies, Volume 10(1), October, pp.59-74. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI, ISSN 2085-0980 (print).

Article Timeline: Accepted (July 27, 2018); Revised (September 19, 2018); and Published (October 30, 2018).

Keywords

“Arat Sabulungan” Tradition; Prohibition; Mentawai Islands People; Improvement of the Government Policy

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abidin, Mas’oed. (1997). Islam dalam Pelukan Muhtadin Mentawai: 30 Tahun Perjalanan Da’wah Ila’llah, Mentawai Menggapai Cahaya Iman. Jakarta: Biro Khusus Dakwah Mentawai, Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia.

Agnes, Priscilla. (2013). “Arat Sabulungan: Kepercayaan Orang Mentawai” in WACANA: Jelajah Peradaban, on May 16. Available online also at: http://www.wacana.co/2013/05/arat-sabulungan-mentawai/ [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Ahsan, Ivan Aulia. (2017). “Aksi Walk Out PPP pada 1978 Dijadikan Dalih bagi Orde Baru untuk Membungkam Aspirasi Umat Islam dan Depolitisasi Islam”. Available online at: https://tirto.id/walk-out-legendaris-yang-dilakukan-nu-ppp-di-era-orde-baru-cz5D [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 8 May 2018].

AI [Amnesty International]. (2016). Amnesty International Report 2015/16: The State of the World’s Human Rights. London: Amnesty International. Available online also at: https://www.amnestyusa.org/files/annual_report_book_15_16_english-2.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

Aryono. (2018). “Pergulatan Aliran Kepercayaan dalam Panggung Politik Indonesia, 1950-an – 2010-an: Romo Semono Sastrodihardjo dan Aliran Kapribaden” in Citra Lekha: Jurnal Sejarah, Vol.3, No.1, 2018, pp.58-68.

Atkinson, R. & J. Flint. (2001). “Accessing Hidden and Hard-to-Reach Populations: Snowball Research Strategies” in Social Reseach Update, Volume 33. Retrieved from http://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU33.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Ayun, Jessica. (2018). “Siberut, Indonesia: Saving the Mentawai Culture”. Available online at: https://twomonkeystravelgroup.com/siberut-indonesia-saving-mentawai-culture [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: September 30, 2018].

Bandung, A.B. Takko. (2009). “Pemaknaan Agama dalam Perspektif Antropologi-Sosiologi” in Jurnal Al-Qalam, Vol.5, No.24 [Juli-Desember]. Available online also at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328885404_PEMAKNAAN_AGAMA [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Baso, Ahmad. (2004). “UU No.1/PNPS/1965 dan Soal Agama Resmi itu”. Available online at: http://www.Indiptonline.com [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: August 17, 2017].

Binawan, Alexius Andang L. (2011). “Declarations and the Indonesian Constitution on Religious Freedom” in Al-Jami‘ah, Vol.49, No.2, pp.361-392.

BPS Kabkep [Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Kepulauan] Mentawai. (2010). Kecamatan Siberut Selatan dalam Angka. Tuapejat: BPS Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai.

Bryman, Alan & Robert G. Burgess [eds]. (2002). Analyzing Qualitative Data. New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library, first published in 1994. Available online also at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/7b71/8dc8ace7b9618361c14d2186fef9994b474a.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Call, Caleb M. (2012). “Viewing a World of Disaster through the Eyes of Faith: The Influence of Religious Worldviews on Community Adaptation in the Context of Disaster-Related Vulnerability in Indonesia” in Graduate Theses and Dissertations, No.12289. Available online also at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/12289 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Cesare, Nina. (2011). “Wearing Your Life as a Sleeve: Examining Tattooing as a Form of Postmodern Identity Expression”. Unpublished B.A. Thesis. USA [United States of America]: Ohio University. Available online also at: https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=ouhonors1308253420&disposition=inline [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. London, United Kingdom: Sage.

Cohen, Anthony P. (2001). The Symbolic Construction of Community. London and New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library. Available online also at: http://lasisummerschool.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Long-VErsion-of-Anthony-Cohen-PLease-only-read-selected-pages-in-Syllabus-1.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Colley, Linda & Robin A. Price. (2008). “Planning for an Aging Workforce” in Kerry A. Brown et al. [eds]. Proceedings Contemporary Issues in Public Management: The Twelfth Annual Conference of the International Research Society for Public Management (IRSPM XII). Brisbane, Australia, pp.1-15. Available online also at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15317/1/15317.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Coronese, Stefano. (1986). Kebudayaan Suku Mentawai. Jakarta: Grafidian Jaya, Translation.

Crouch, Melissa. (2012). “Decision No.140/PUU-VII/2009: Constitutional Court, Republic of Indonesia” in Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, Vol.1, No.2 [October], pp.527-528. DOI: 10.1093/ojlr/rws020.

Daliman, A. (2012). Metode Penelitian Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.

Delfi, Maskota. (2005). “Dari Desa ke Laggai: Resistensi dan Identitas Orang Mentawai di Muntei, Siberut Selatan, Sumatera Barat”. Unpublished Master Thesis. Yogyakarta: Anthropology Post Graduate Program, Gadjah Mada University.

Delfi, Maskota. (2013). “Islam and Arat Sabulungan in Mentawai” in Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, Volume 51(2), pp.475-499. DOI: 10.14421/ajis.2013.512.475-499. Available online also at: http://aljamiah.or.id/index.php/AJIS/article/viewFile/167/52 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Delfi, Maskota. (2015). “Tattoos in Mentawai: Markers of Identity and Contemporary Art” in Christopher A. Woodrich & Frank Dhont [eds]. International Indonesia Forum: Working Paper Series, Volume 3. Available online also at: http://iif.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/03-Tattoos-in-Mentawai-Maskota-Delfi.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

DHI [Data Hukum Indonesia]. (2013). “Kajian Perbandingan dan Perbedaan Undang-Undang No.23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan dengan Undang-Undang No.24 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang No.23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan”. Available online at: http://www.academia.edu/16746053/Kajian_2_Perbandingan_Undang-Undang_tentang_Administrasi_Kependudukan [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Donnelly, Jack. (2005). “Human Rights and the War on Terror: Second Edition” in Review Digest: Human Rights & Human Welfare, published by Graduate School of International Studies, University of Denver. Available online also at: https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/terror/waronterror_2007.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Eindhoven, Myrna. (2007). “New Colonizers? Identity, Representation, and Government in the Post-New Order Mentawai Archipelago” in Henk Schulte Nordholt & Gerry van Klinken [eds]. Renegotiating Boundaries: Local Politics in Post-Suharto Indonesia. Leiden: KITLV-Press, pp.67-89.

Eindhoven, Myrna. (2009). “The Influences of History and Politics on Environmental and the Future of the Mentawai Archipelago” in Island Environmental Histories and Management in the Asia-Pacific Region, Asia-Pacific Forum, No.44 [June], pp.55-81. Taipei: Center for Asia Pacific Area Studies, RCHSS, Academia Sinica.

Erl, Enggar. (2018). “Pasal-pasal UUDS 1950”. Available online at: http://www.academia.edu/10100368/PASAL-PASAL_UUDS_1950 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

Ermayanti. (1988). “Fungsi Kerei dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Mentawai: Studi Kasus di Desa Matotonan, Siberut Selatan”. Unpublished Master Thesis. Padang: Faculty of Letters, Andalas University.

Erwin. (1997). “Perubahan Ekologi terhadap Kepercayaan Tradisional Mentawai” in Jurnal Pembangunan dan Perubahan Sosial-Budaya, Vol.3, No.4. Published by Study Centre for Socio-Cultural Changes, Andalas University, Padang.

Faizah, Nurul. (2013). “Pandangan Islam mengenai Tato”. Available online at: http://nurulfaizah13.blogspot.com/2013/04/pandangan-islam-mengenai-tato.html [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 8 May 2018].

Fafard, Patrick. (2008). “Evidence and Healthy Public Policy: Insights from Health and Political Sciences” in CPRN: Canadian Policy Research Networks. Available online also at: https://www.ncchpp.ca/docs/FafardEvidence08June.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Fasya, Adib ‘Aunillah et al. (2015). “The Dynamics of Relation between the State and Local Religions in Indonesia: Between Idealism and Reality” in AL-ALBAB: Borneo Journal of Religious Studies, Vol.4, No.2 [December], pp.251-260.

Firdaus, Febriana. (2018). “I Visited Mentawai and Stayed with the Indigenous People of Siberut: My Story”. Available online at: https://febrofirdaus.wordpress.com/2018/01/21/mentawai [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

Geertz, Clifford. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. New York: Basic Books, Inc., Publishers.

Giffar. (2016). “Arat Sabulungan: Agama Asli Mentawai yang Nyaris Punah” in Sport Tourism, on 24 September. Available online also at: https://sportourism.id/history/arat-sabulungan-agama-asli-mentawai-yang-nyaris-punah [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 8 May 2018].

Gupta, Neeru et al. (2011). “Human Resources for Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: From Measurement and Planning to Performance for Improved Health Outcomes” in Human Resources for Health, Volume 9(16). Available online also at: https://human-resources-health.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1478-4491-9-16 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Hamidi, Jazim & M. Husnul Abadi. (2001). Intervensi Negara terhadap Agama: Studi Konvergensi atas Politik Aliran Keagamaan dan Reposisi Peradilan Agama di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: UII [Universitas Islam Indonesia] Press.

Hammons, Christian S. (2010). “Sakaliou: Reciprocity, Mimesis, and the Cultural Economy of Tradition in Siberut, Mentawai Islands, Indonesia”. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. USA [United States of America]: The Faculty of the USC Graduate School, University of Southern California.

Hardee, Karen et al. (2004). “The Policy Circle: A Framework for Analyzing the Components of Family Planning, Reproductive Health, Maternal Health, and HIV/AIDS Policies” in Policy Working Paper Series, No.11. Available online also at: http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/workingpapers/wps-11.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Hatta, Mohammad. (1983). Ilmu dan Agama. Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu.

Hauser-Schaublin, Brigitta [ed]. (2013). Adat and Indigeneity in Indonesia: Culture and Entitlements between Heteronomy and Self-Ascription. Germany: Universitatsverlag Gottingen.

Henley, Thom & Taveepong Limapornvanich. (2001). Living Legend of the Mentawai. Victoria: Ban Thom Publisher.

Henry, Rob. (2012). Community Research Report: Indigenous Mentawai. Jakarta: Suku Mentawai, Supporting Indigenous Culture. Available online also at: https://www.iefprograms.org/images/PDFs/SukuMentawai_CRR.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Hernawati, Tarida. (2007). Uma: Fenomena Keterkaitan Manusia dengan Alam. Padang: Yayasan Citra Mandiri.

Hufford, David J. (2005). “An Analysis of the Field of Spirituality, Religion, and Health” in Metanexus Salus. Available online also at: https://www.metanexus.net/analysis-field-spirituality-religion-and-health-david-j-hufford/ [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Indriastuti, Farida. (2017). “Menghapus Rajah, Memusnahkan Arat Sabulungan” in Jurnal Ruang, on 15 June. Available online also at: https://jurnalruang.com/read/1495510845-menghapus-rajah-memusnahkan-arat-sabulungan [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 8 May 2018].

Indriati, Ashri. (2015). “Strategi Peningkatan Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia untuk Meningkatkan Kinerja Usaha Kecil dan Menengah”. Unpublished Magister Thesis. Bogor: Sekolah Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.

Interview with Respondent A, Rosihan Anwar as Head of the Padang Pariaman District Administration Office, in Padang Pariaman, West Sumatera, Indonesia, on 13 June 2017.

Interview with Respondent B, Elfis Candra as One of Mentawai Community Leaders, in Mentawai Islands, West Sumatera, Indonesia, on 20 June 2017.

Interview with Respondent C, Head of South Siberut Subdistrict, in Mentawai Islands, West Sumatera, Indonesia, on 27 June 2017.

Interview with Respondent D, Sioban Village Head, in Mentawai Islands, West Sumatera, Indonesia, on 3 July 2017.

Interview with Respondent E, Matotonan Village Head, in Mentawai Islands, West Sumatera, Indonesia, on 10 July 2017.

Interview with Respondent F, One of Mentawai Community Leaders, in Mentawai Islands, West Sumatera, Indonesia, on 17 July 2017.

Johansen, Lise. (2008). “A Chance of Self-Reflection: Searching for Information among People of Mentawai”. Unpublished Master Thesis. Norway: Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Available online also at: http://www.umb.no/statisk/noragric/publications/master/2008_lise_johansen.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Jones, Tod. (2005). “Indonesian Cultural Policy, 1950-2003: Culture, Institutions, Government”. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Australia: Curtin University of Technology. Available online also at: https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Koentjaraningrat. (1981). Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi. Jakarta: Aksara Baru.

Kamaruddin, Syamsu A. (2013). “The Existence of Tonasa Cement Factory and its Impact to Surrounding People in South Sulawesi, Indonesia” in TAWARIKH: Internasional Journal for Historical Studies, Vol.4, No.2. Published by ASPENSI in Bandung, West Java, in collaboration with UVRI in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Krutak, Lars. (2013). “Titi: Spirit Tattoos of the Mentawai Shaman” in Lars Krutak: Tattoo Anthrologist, on May 25. Available online also at: https://www.larskrutak.com/titi-spirit-tattoos-of-the-mentawai-shaman/ [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Larsen, J.A. (2007). “Understanding a Complex Intervention: Person-Centred Ethnography in Early Psychosis” in Journal of Mental Health, Volume 16(3), pp.333-345.

Larsen, Gretchen, Maurice Patterson & Lucy Markham. (2014). “A Deviant Art: Tattoo-Related Stigma in an Era of Commodification” in Psychology and Marketing , Volume 31(8), August. Available online also at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263776346 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Lindsay, Charles. (1992). Mentawai Shaman: Keeper of the Rainforest. New York: Aperture.

Listiati, Ingrid. (2015). “Tentang Tato”. Available online at: http://katolisitas.org/5654/tentang-tattoo [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 8 May 2018].

Loeb, Edwin M. (1929). “A Mentawai Religious Cult” in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol.25, No.2. pp.185-247. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Mitchell, A.J. & R.L. Tilson. (1986). “Restoring the Balance: Traditional Hunting and Primate Conservation in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia” in J.G. Else & P.C. Lee [eds]. Primate Ecology and Conservation, Volume 2. Cambridge, UK [United Kingdom]: Cambridge University Press, pp.249-260.

Muhadi. (2007). “Landasan Yuridis Penghapusan Kepercayaan Tradisional Arat Sabulungan di Mentawai” in USU Repository. Available online also at: http://library.usu.ac.id/download/fh/132300071.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Mulhadi. (2008). “Kepercayaan Tradisional ‘Arat Sabulungan’ dan Penghapusannya di Mentawai” in Jurnal Equality, Vol.13, No.1 [Februari]. Available online also at: http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/18421/equ-feb2008 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Naim, Mochtar. (1977). “Kehidupan Agama di Mentawai” in Majalah Bulanan Mimbar Ulama, Th.1, No.8. Jakarta: Dewan Pimpinan Majelis Ulama Indonesia.

Noer, Deliar. (2002). Mohammad Hatta: Hati Nurani Bangsa, 1902-1980. Jakarta: Gramedia Group.

Nooy-Palm, H. (1968). The Culture of the Pagai-Islands and Sipora, Mentawei. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.

Pakan, Sarani Pitor. (2018). Waves are Sleeping: Surf Tourism and Human-Waves Relationship in Siberut, Mentawai Islands. Netherlands: MSc Leisure, Tourism, Environment, Wageningen University. Available online also at: http://edepot.wur.nl/445050 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

Panjaitan, Berton Suar Pelita. (2017). “Understanding Tsunami Hazard Knowledge and Preparedness: Before and After the 2010 Tsunami in Mentawai (Indonesia)”. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Christchurch, New Zealand: Department of Geography, University of Canterbury. Available online also at: https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/13417/Panjaitan [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

Persoon, Gerard A. (1987). “Local Leaders on Siberut: A Creation Not Yet Completed” in P. Quarles van Ufford [ed]. Local Leadership and Programme Implementation in Indonesia. Amsterdam: Free University Press.

Persoon, Gerard A. (2002). “Defining Wildness and Wilderness: Minangkabau Images and Actions on Siberut (West Sumatra)” in G. Benjamin & C. Chou [eds]. Tribal Communities in the Malay World: Historical, Cultural, and Social Perspectives. Singapore: ISEAS [Institute of South East Asian Studies], pp.439-436.

Persoon, Gerard A. (2003). “Conflicts over Trees and Waves on Siberut Island” in Geografiska Annaler, Series B: Human Geography, Volume 85(4), pp.253-264. DOI: 10.1111/j.0435-3684.2003.00147.x.

Persoon, Gerard A. (2004). The Position of Indigenous Peoples in the Management of Tropical Forests. The Netherlands: Tropenbos International Wageningen.

Persoon, Gerard A. & Reimar Schefold. (2017). “Frightened by the Eagle: Recording Songs and Music from the Island of Siberut, Mentawai Islands” in Wacana, Vol.18, No.3, pp.581-613. Available online also at: https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/57187/Gerard_A_Persoon_30_Des.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

Presiden RI [Republik Indonesia]. (2013). “Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2013 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan”. Available online at: https://pih.kemlu.go.id/files/19.%20%20UU_%20No%2024%20Th%202013.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

Puspandari, Namira. (2015). “The Increasing Intolerance towards Religious Minorities in Indonesia: Have the Existing Laws been Protecting or Marginalising Them?”. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. Netherlands: Tilburg Law School, Tilburg University. Available online also at: http://arno.uvt.nl/show.cgi?fid=136589 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

Rahmah, Alef Musyahadah & Tedi Sudrajat. (2009). “Penemuan Hukum in Concreto dalam Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan” in Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol.9, No.2 [Mei], pp.95-102.

Ranjabar, Jacobus. (2015). Perubahan Sosial: Teori-teori dan Proses Perubahan Sosial serta Teori Pembangunan. Bandung: Alfabeta.

Reeves, Glenn. (1999). “History and ‘Mentawai’: Colonialism, Scholarship, and Identity in the Rereiket, West Indonesia” in The Australian Journal of Anthropology, Volume 10(1). DOI: 10.1111/j.1835-9310.1999. tb00011.x.

Reeves, Glenn. (2009). “Village, Cosmos, People in the Anthropology of the Mentawai Island” in The Anthropology of the Mentawai Island. Available online also at: www.mentawai.org [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Reeves, Scott, Ayelet Kuper & Brian David Hodges. (2008). “Qualitative Research Methodologies: Ethnography” in BMJ, Volume 337 [August]. Available online also at: https://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a1020 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 10 October 2017].

Resmarias. (2015). “Perubahan Keyakinan pada Masyarakat Mentawai dari Arat Sabulungan ke Agama yang Diakui Pemerintah di Desa Malancan, Siberut Utara, Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai”. Unpublished Paper for Journal. Padang: Program Studi Pendidikan Sosiologi, STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat.

Rizal, Darmaputra. (2009). Manajemen Perbatasan dan Reformasi Sektor Keamanan. Jakarta: IDSPS Press.

Rosa, Ady. (2011). “Tradisi Merajah Tubuh di Suku Mentawai”. Available online at: http://revirevoltworld.blogspot.com/2011/03/tradisi-merajah-tubuh-di-suku-mentawai.html [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 3 February 2018].

Rosa, Ady. (2013). “Budaya Tato pada Masyarakat Suku Mentawai”. Available online at: https://maribelajarantropologi, wordpress. Com /2013/10/12/ budaya-tato-pada-masyarakat-suku-mentawai/ [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 10 October 2017].

Roza, Jhonri. (1994). “Status dan Peranan Wanita Mentawai dalam Uma”. Unpublished Research Report. Padang: Faculty of Social and Political Sciences UNAND [University of Andalas].

Roza, Jhonri. (1997). “Uma dalam Kehidupan Masyarakat Mentawai di Sumatera Barat”. Unpublished Master Thesis. Bandung: UNPAD [University of Padjadjaran].

Rudito, Bambang. (1993). “Masyarakat Mentawai di Sebelah Barat Sumatera” in Koentjaraningrat [ed]. Masyarakat Terasing di Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Rudito, Bambang. (2005). “Fungsi Upacara Bebeitei Uma pada Orang Mentawai”. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Depok: University of Indonesia.

Saebani, Beni Ahmad. (2016). Perspektif Perubahan Sosial. Bandung: CV Pustaka Setia.

Schefold, Reimar. (1998). “The Domestication of Culture, Nation-Building, and Ethnic Diversity in Indonesia” in Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, Volume 154(2).

Schefold, R. & J. Beierle. (2000). Mentawaians Culture Summary. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files. Available online also at: http://ehrafworldcultures.yale.edu/ehrafe/browseCultures.do?context=main [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: December 27, 2017].

Sihombing, Herman. (1979). Mentawai. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita.

Sihombing, U.P. et al. (2008). Menggugat Bakor Pakem: Kajian Hukum terhadap Pengawasan Agama dan Kepercayaan di Indonesia. Jakarta: The ILRC [Indonesian Legal Resource Center].

Skanthakumar, Balasingham & Agantaranansa Juanda [eds]. (2016). ANNI Report on the Performance and Establishment of National Human Rights Institutions in Asia. Bangkok, Thailand: Secretariat of ANNI [Asian NGO Network on National Human Rights Institutions]. Available online also at: https://www.forum-asia.org/uploads/wp/2016/11/ANNI-Report-2016-Full-Report.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 3 February 2018].

Soeharto. (1991). Pikiran, Ucapan, dan Tindakan Saya: Otobiografi seperti Dipaparkan kepada G. Dwipayana dan Ramadhan K.H. Jakarta: Penerbit: PT Citra Lamtorogung.

Soemardjan, Selo. (1981). Perubahan Sosial di Yogyakarta. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, Translation.

Sjamsuddin, Helius. (2007). Metodologi Sejarah. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.

Strauss, A.L. (1987). Qualitative Analysis for Social Scientists. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sudarto. (2017). Kondisi Pemenuhan Hak Konstitusional Penghayat Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa: Seri Laporan Kebebasan Beragama/Berkeyakinan, 1/IX. Jakarta: Pustaka Masyarakat Setara. Available online also at: https://hakberagama.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/3 [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 3 February 2018].

Suzuki, Peter. (1958). Critical Survey of Studies on the Anthropology of Nias, Mentawai, and Enggano. The Hague: Koninklijk Instituut Voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde.

Syahayani, Zihan. (2017). “Hak Konstitusional Penghayat Kepercayaan di Indonesia” in The Indonesian Institute: Center for Public Policy Research, on 13 November. Available online also at: https://www.theindonesianinstitute.com/hak-konstitusional-penghayat-kepercayaan-di-indonesia/ [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 3 February 2018].

Taylor, S.J. & R. Bogdan. (1984). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: The Search for Meaning. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Thorne, S. (2000). “Data Analysis in Qualitative Research” in Evidence-Based Nursing, Volume 3, pp.68-70.

Towner, Nick. (2016). “How to Manage the Perfect Wave: Surfing Tourism Management in the Mentawai Islands, Indonesia” in Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 119, pp.217-226. Available online also at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ed35/9644b0080c54ab1e093c0abaa520e3c200ff.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: June 1, 2018].

“Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan”. Available online at: http://www.dpr.go.id/dokjdih/document/uu/UU_2006_23.pdf [accessed in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia: 3 February 2018].

Wilde, Ralph. (2008). International Territorial Administration: How Trusteeship and the Civilizing Mission Never Went Away. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Windiani & Farida R. Nurul. (2016). “Menggunakan Metode Etnografi dalam Penelitian Sosial” in Dimensi: Jurnal Sosiologi, Volume 9(2), pp.87-92.

Yulia, Refni, Zulfa & Kaksim. (2017a). “Dampak Tato dalam Tradisi Arat Sabulungan: Studi Kasus Masyarakat Desa Sioban Sipora Selatan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai, Propinsi Sumatera Barat” in Prosiding Seminar Nasional Edukasi 2017: Semnas Bio-Edu, organized by STKIP PGRI Sumbar [Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia, Sumatera Barat] in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia, on 6 May.

Yulia, Refni, Zulfa & Kaksim. (2017b). “Perbaikan Kebijakan Pemerintah terhadap Pelarangan Tradisi Arat Sabulungan (Tato)” in Prosiding Seminar Internasional Lisan X, organized in the Hotel Ganden Palace, Mataram, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, on 25-28 October.

Yulia, Refni, Zulfa & Kaksim. (2017c). “Tato dalam Tradisi Arat Sabulungan di Desa Sioban, Kecamatan Sipora Selatan, Kabupaten Kepulauan Mentawai, Propinsi Sumatera Barat” in Prosiding 1st International Conference On Education, Literature, And Arts (ICELA), organized by UNJ [Universitas Negeri Jakarta] in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 17-18 May.

Yulia, Refni, Zulfa & Kaksim. (2018). “Tato Mentawai dalam Motif Batik sebagai Bentuk Pelestarian Budaya” in Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sejarah, organized by Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah STKIP PGRI Sumbar [Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia, Sumatera Barat] in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia, on 3 March.

Zakaria, R. Yando. (1996). “Pembangunan yang Melumpuhkan: Pelajaran dari Kepulauan Mentawai” in Kisah dari Kampung Halaman: Masyarakat Suku, Agama Resmi, dan Pembangunan. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Zulfa & Kaksim. (2014). “Perubahan dari Tradisi ke Festival” in Jurnal Pelangi, published by STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat in Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2121/tawarikh.v10i1.1060