Differences in Student Adversity Intelligence by Gender
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Difficulties, or in this term called adversity, should make a person tougher. Unfortunately when faced with life's challenges, most people stop before trying to do their best and know the limits of ability. Adversity can be a bridge to success if individuals are able to convert every difficulty into a challenge. The ability to deal with adversity is termed Adversity Intelligence or Adversity Quotient. Individuals with high levels of adversity intelligence are categorized as Climbers. Individuals with moderate adversity intelligence, categorized as Campers. The third group is Quitters, i.e. groups that are left behind in the Climbers. This research tries to reveal the tendency of adversity level of students of UPI (Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia, and to examine whether male and female students show differences in their adversity intelligence. Quantitative descriptive approach with cross sectional survey type was used in the study. The instrument used is an adversity intelligence questionnaire consisting of 44 items of questions with a Semantic differential scale. The instrument designed by researcher refers to the construct of the dimensions of adversity intelligence, namely CORE (Control, Ownership, Reach, and Endurance) developed by Paul Stoltz (1997). This study uses probability sampling type with multistages cluster sampling technique, with the technique obtained as many as 470 respondents. The result of data analysis shows that most of UPI undergraduate students are in Campers category. In statistics, the adversity intelligence of undergraduate students of UPI does not differ significantly in terms of gender is seen from the value of sig. 0.051 (> 0.05).
KEY WORDS: Adversity Quotient; Difficulties; Gender; Undergraduate Students of UPI.
About the Author: Latifah Hanum, S.Pd. is a Student at the Study Program of Educational Psychology SPs UPI (School of Postgraduate, Indonesia University of Education) in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. For academic interests, the author is able to be contacted via e-mail address at: latifahhanum655@gmail.com
Suggested Citation: Hanum, Latifah. (2018). “Differences in Student Adversity Intelligence by Gender” in HONAI: International Journal for Educational, Social, Political & Cultural Studies, Volume 1(2), November, pp.115-128. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI and STISIP Amal Ilmiah, Wamena, Papua, ISSN 2621-1653 (print) and ISSN 2621-3621 (online).
Article Timeline: Accepted (August 31, 2018); Revised (October 24, 2018); and Published (November 30, 2018).
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ablana, M.V.B. & D.J. Isidro. (2015). “Correlation between Adversity Quotient and Job Performance of LGU Employees of Tayabas City: Input to Effective Public Personnel Management”. Paper for Collage of Arts and Science, Southern Luzon State University, the Philippines, on October. Available online also at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_Isidro_Ablana.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Abramson, L.Y., M.E.P. Seligman & J.D. Teasdale. (1978). “Learned Helplessness in Humans: Critique and Reformulation” in Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol.87, No.1, pp.49-74. Available online also at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ef52/775276f83a46162a9b364335d9ee5ee73b99.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
ACHA [American College Health Association]. (2014). “National College Health Assessment II”. Available online at: http://www.acha-ncha.org/ [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 2, 2018].
Adisendjaja, Y.H. (2008). “Analisis Buku Ajar Biologi SMA Kelas X di Kota Bandung Berdasarkan Literasi Sains”. Unpublished Research Report. Bandung: FPMIPA UPI [Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia].
Agusta, Y.N. (2015). “Hubungan antara Orientasi Masa Depan dan Daya Juang terhadap Kesiapan Kerja pada Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Mulawarman” in E-Journal Psikologi, Volume 3(1), pp.369-381.
Ahmar, A.S., A. Rahman & U. Mulbar. (2018). “The Analysis of Students’ Logical Thinking Ability and Adversity Quotient, and it is Reviewed from Cognitive Style”. Paper for 2nd International Conference on Statistics, Mathematics, Teaching, and Research. Available online also at: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1028/1/012167/pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Albert, G., J.M. Carre & S. Arnocky. (2016). “Change in Men's Fundamental Frequency Predicts Aggressive Behavior”. Available online at: http://ehbea.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/EHBEA-2016_Poster-Abstracts.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Ali, M. & A. Mohammad. (2012). Psikologi Remaja: Perkembangan Peserta Didik. Jakarta: PT Bumi Aksara.
Alka, V.R.S. (2012). “A Study of Secondary School Students’ Response to Adversity in Relation to Certain Psychological and Performance Factors”. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. India: University of Mumbai. Available online also at: http://peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_vakharia2.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Andelin, E.I. & A.S. Rusu. (2016). “Analysis of Seductive Behavior of Female Detainees in Non-Sexual Contexts: An Evolutionary Approach”. Available online at: http://ehbea.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/EHBEA-2016_Poster-Abstracts.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Arnot, M. (2002). Reproducing Gender? Essays on Educational Theory and Feminist Politics. London: Routledge Falmer.
Azis, R. (2012). “Pengaruh Kepribadian Ulul Albab terhadap Kemampuan Menghadapi Tantangan”. Available online at: http://Repository.UinMalang.Ac.Id/329/ [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 2, 2018].
Bakare, B.M. (2015). “Students’ Adversity Quotient® and Related Factors as Predictors of Academic Performance in the West African Senior School Certificate Examination in Southwestern Nigeria”. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Nigeria: University of Ibadan. Available online also at: http://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_bakare.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Bandura, A. (1999). “A Social Cognitive Theory of Personality” in L. Pervin & O. John [eds]. Handbook of Personality. New York: Guilford Publications, 2nd edition, pp.154-196.
Baroa, E. (2015). “Adversity Quotient and Leadership Skills of School
Administrators: Basis for Enhancement”. Available online at: http://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_baroa.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 2, 2018].
Bautista, L.V. et al. (2016). “Adversity Quotient and Leadership Styles among Student Leaders in Bulacan State University”. Available online at: http://docplayer.net/33032267-Adversity-quotient-and-leadership-styles-among-student-leaders-in-bulacan-state-university.html [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Canivel, L.D. (2010). “Principals’ Adversity Quotient: Styles, Performance, and Practices”. Unpublished Research Report. Diliman: Division of Educational Leadership and Professional Services, College of Education, University of the Philippines.
Chalabaev, A. et al. (2013). “The Influence of Sex Stereotypes and Gender Roles on Participation and Performance in Sport and Exercise: Review and Future Directions” in Elsevier: Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Volume 14(2), pp.136-144. Available online also at: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00947437/document [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Chin, P.L. & M.L. Hung. (2013). “Psychological Contract Breach and Turnover Intention: The Moderating Roles of Adversity Quotient and Gender” in Journal Social Behavior and Personality, Volume 41(5), pp.843-860.
Ciabuca, A. (2014). “The Development of a Semantic Differential Scale for Assessing the Perceived Image of Citizens about Romanian Police Forces” in PROCEDIA: Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 187. Available online also at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312623065_The_Development_of_a_Semantic_Differential_Scale [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Cochran, W.G. (1977). Sampling Techniques. New York: John Wiley and Sons, third edition. Available online also at: https://www.scribd.com/document/368291518/Cochran-1977-Sampling-Techniques [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Cornista, G.L. & C.A. Macasaet. (2013). “Adversity Quotient® and Achievement Motivation of Selected Third Year and Fourth Year Psychology Students of De La Salle Lipa, A.Y. 2012-2013”. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Philippines: De La Salle Lipa, Batangas. Available online also at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_cornistamacasaet.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Creswell, J.W. (2015). Riset Pendidikan: Perencanaan, Pelaksanaan, dan Evaluasi Riset Kualitatif & Kuantitatif. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, Translation.
Cuff, B.M.P. (2017). “Perceptions of Subject Difficulty and Subject Choices: Are the Two Linked, and If So, How?” in Ofqual, 17/6288. Available online also at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 24, 2018].
Cura, J.M. & J.L. Gozum. (2011). “A Correlational Study in the Adversity Quotient® and the Mathematics Achievement of Sophomore Students of College of Engineering and Technology in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila”. Available online at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_gozum.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Dahlan. T.H. (2012). “Daya Psikologis Mahasiswa S-1 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia”. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Bandung: Graduate School UPI [Indonesia University of Education].
Daloos, M.J.O. (2015). “Emotional Intelligence and Adversity Quotient of Selected Helping Professionals”. Unpublished Master Thesis. Manila: Department of Psychology, Institute of Arts and Sciences, Far Eastern University. Available online also at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_daloos.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Devakumar, M. (2012). “A Study of Adversity Quotient of Secondary School Students in Relation to Their Academic Self-Concept and Achievement Motivation”. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Mumbai, India: University of Mumbai.
Dweck, K. (2005). Research in Education. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd., 5th edition.
Efendi, A. (2005). Revolusi Kecerdasan Abad 21: Kritik MI, EI, SQ, AQ, dan Successful Intelligence atas IQ. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Enriquez, J. & S.D. Estacio. (2009). “The Effects of Mentoring Program on
Adversity Quotient of Selected Freshmen College Students of Faith”. Available online at: http://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_enriquez.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 2, 2018].
Fink, A. (2017). How to Conduct Surveys: A Step-by-Step Guide. California: SAGE Publications, Inc., sixth edition.
Fisher, H.E. (2011). Why Him, Why Her. Jakarta: Ufuk Press.
Garcia-Perez, M.A. & E. Peli. (2014). “The Bisection Point Across Variants of the Task” in Atten Percept Psychophys, Volume 76(6), August. Available online also at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139453/ [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Hadjam, N.R. (2000). “Asertivitas terhadap Pemenuhan Informed Consent dan Toleransi Stres Pasien” in GAMA SAINS: Jurnal Lembaga Penelitian UGM, Vol.V, No.3.
Harriman, L. (2016). “Measuring Millennials' Adversity Quotient® and its Correlation with Individual Performance in Project Teams”. Available online at: http://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_Harriman.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 2, 2018].
Hastuti, T.D., D.R. Sari & S. Riyadi. (2017). “Student Profile with High Adversity Quotient in Math Learning”. Paper for International Conference on Mathematics, Science, and Education. Available online also at: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012131/pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Hema, S. & M. Gupta. (2015). “Adversity Quotient for Prospective Higher Education” in The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 4, pp.49-64.
Huan, V.S. et al. (2005). “The Influence of Dispositional Optimism and Gender on Adolescents' Perception of Academic Stress” in QUESTIA: Trusted Online Research. Available online also at: https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-155568631/the-influence-of-dispositional-optimism-and-gender [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Huijuan, Z. (2009). “The Adversity Quotient and Academic Performance among College Students at St. Joseph’s College Quezon City”. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Manila: Faculty of Arts And Sciences UP [University of the Philippines].
Hurlock, E.B. (1980). Psikologi Perkembangan. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga, edisi kelima, Translation.
Jackson, D., A. Firtko & M. Edenborough. (2007). “Personal Resilience as a Strategy for Surviving and Thriving in the Face of Workplace Adversity: A Literature Review” in JAN Review Paper, on June 18. Available online also at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04412.x [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 24, 2018].
Jones, M.T. et al. (2016). “Greater Strength Drives Difference in Power between Sexes in the Conventional Deadlift Exercise” in Sports, Volume 4(3), September. Available online also at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5968884/ [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Kabeer, N. (2014). “Violence against Women as ‘Relational’ Vulnerability: Engendering the Sustainable Human Development Agenda”. Occasional Paper for UNDP Human Development Report Office. Available online also at: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/kabeer_hdr14.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Kadison, R. & T.F. Digeronimo. (2004). College of the Overwhelmed: The Campus Mental Health Crisis and What to Do about It. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Kapur, R. (2018). “Factors Influencing the Students Academic Performance in Secondary Schools in India”. Available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324819919_Factors_Influencing_the_Students_Academic_Performance_in_Secondary_Schools_in_India [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: May 2, 2018].
Kember, D. & D.Y. Leung. (2008). “Establishing the Validity and Reliability of Course Evaluation Questionnaires” in Assessment and Evaluation of Higher Education, Volume 33, pp.341-353.
Kusherdyana. (2015). “Model Konseling Berbasis Petualangan untuk Meningkatkan Kecerdasan Adversitas Mahasiswa”. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Bandung: Graduate School, Indonesia University of Education.
Lestari, D.T. & D. Tintri. (2010). “Effect of Corporate Governance Mechanism and Quality Audit Report on the Integrity of Financial State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX)”. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. Depok: Faculty of Economics, Gunadarma University.
Levine, S. (2003). “Psychological and Social Aspects of Resilience: A Synthesis of Risks and Resources” in Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, Volume 5(3), pp.273-280. Available online also at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3181637/ [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 24, 2018].
Li, H.J. (2014). “Neuroanatomical Differences between Men and Women in Help-Seeking Coping Strategy” in Scientific Reports, Volume 4. Available online also at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4099976/ [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Lin, T.E. & T.C. Lian. (2010). “The Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and Stress Levels among Malaysian Secondary School Students” in Sunway Academic Journal, Volume 7. Available online also at: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8af4/de26af946cbd64c3d6cab166a1f93e37cd38.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Luthar, S. & D. Cicchetti. (2000) “The Construct of Resilience: Implications for Interventions and Social Policies” in Development and Psychopathology, Volume 12, pp.857-885.
Matore, A. et al. (2015). “The Influence of AQ on the Academic Achievement among Malaysian Polytechnic Students” in International Journal of Education Studies, Volume 8(6).
Maureen, M.A. (2015). “The Level of Adversity Quotient and Social Skills of Student Leaders at De La Salle Lipa”. Unpublished Bachelor Thesis. Philippines: Faculty of Psychology Department, College of Education, Arts, and Sciences, De La Salle Lipa. Available online also at: http://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_Amparo.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
McCombs, B. (2010). “Developing Responsible and Autonomous Learners: A Key to Motivating Students”. Available online at: https://www.apa.org/education/k12/learners [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
McGinn, K.L. & E. Oh. (2017). “Gender, Social Class, and Women’s Employment” in Current Opinion in Psychology, Volume 18, pp.84-88. Available online also at: https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/McGinnOh_GenderSocialClass [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Merchant, K. (2012). “How Men and Women Differ: Gender Differences in Communication Styles, Influence Tactics, and Leadership Styles” in CMC Senior Theses Paper, No.513. Available online also at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/513 [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Meyers-Levy, J. & B. Loken. (2015). “Revisiting Gender Differences: What We Know and What Lies Ahead” in JCP: Journal of Consumer Psychology, Volume 25, Issue 1, pp.129-149. Available online also at: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1016/j.jcps.2014.06.003 [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Miller, L.E. & K. Wolf. (2008). “Measuring in the Affective Domain”. Paper for Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting at the E.A.R.T.H. University, Costa Rica. Available online also at: https://aiaee.org/attachments/article/676/583.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Mitchell, P.J. (2005). “Antidepressant Treatment and Rodent Aggressive Behaviour” in European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 526(1-3), pp.147-162.
Mohajan, H. (2017). “Two Criteria for Good Measurements in Research: Validity and Reliability” in MPRA (Munich Personal RePEc Archive) Paper, No.83458. Available online also at: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/83458/1/MPRA_paper_83458.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 24, 2018].
Naderi, H., R. Abdullah & T. Aizan. (2008). “Male Versus Female Intelligence among Undergraduate Students: Does Gender Matter?” in Asian Journal of Scientific Research, Volume 1(5), pp.539-543. Available online also at: https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=ajsr.2008.539.543 [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Napire, J.N. (2013). “Adversity Quotient and Leadership Style in Relation to the Demographic Profile of the Elementary School Principals in the Second Congressional District of Camarines Sur”. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Iriga City: Faculty of the Graduate School, University of Northeastern Philippines. Available online also at: https://docplayer.net/13514906-A-thesis-presented-to-the-faculty-of-the-graduate-school-university-of-northeastern-philippines-iriga-city.html [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Nikam, V.B. & M.U. Megha. (2013). “Adversity Quotient and Defense Mechanism of Secondary School Students” in Universal Journal of Education Reasearch, Volume 1(4), pp.303-320.
Olila, R.G. (2012). “Adversity Quotient and Personal Characteristics as Correlates of the Personality-Temperament Traits of Educators in Selected Public and Private Educational Institutions”. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Manila, Philippines: The Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies, Manuel L. Quezon University. Available online also at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_olila.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Pangma, M. et al. (2009). “Causal Factors Influencing Adversity Quotient of Twelfth Grade and Third-Year Vocational Students” in Journal of Social Sciences, Volume 5(4), pp.466-470.
Parvathy, U. & M. Praseeda. (2014). “Relationship between Adversity Quotient and Academic Problems among Student Teachers” in IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IOSR-JHSS), Volume 19, Issue 11 [November]. Available online also at: https://www.academia.edu/10526842/Relationship_between_Adversity_Quotient_and_Academic_Problems_among_Student_Teachers [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Patdo, V.C.L., K.C. Mariano & A.D. Gonzales. (2011). “The Adversity Quotient of Parents with Special Needs Children and Adversity Quotient of Parents with Normal Children”. Paper for BS Psychology, III-4 at the University of City of Manila. Available online also at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_patdo.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Phoolka, E.S. & Navjot Kaur. (2012). “Adversity Quotient: A New Paradigm to Explore” in International Journal of Contemporary Business Studies, Vol.3, No.4.
Prasetyo, S. (2015). “Optimization of Multiple Intellegences through Science Learning for SD/MI (Elementary School) Students”. Paper for International Proceeding. Available online also at: http://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/30388/2/Drs.%20H [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Price, J., V. Cole & G.M. Goodwin. (2009). “Emotional Side-Effects of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Qualitative Study” in Brain Journal of Psychiatry, Volume 195, pp.211-217.
Priyatno, D. (2017). Panduan Praktis Olah Data Menggunakan SPSS. Yogyakarta: Andi Publisher.
Qidwai, W. et al. (2010). “Adolescent Lifestyle and Behaviour: A Survey from a Developing Country” in PLoS One: A Peer-Reviewed, Open Access Journal, Volume 5(9). Available online also at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2946339/ [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 24, 2018].
Rachmah, S. et al. (2015). “Motivasi Belajar sebagai Mediator Hubungan Kecerdasan Adversitas dan Prokrastinasi Akademik pada Mahasiswa yang Aktif Berorganisasi”. Unpublished Research Report. Lampung: UNILA [Universitas Lampung].
Rachmawati, R. (2009). “Hubungan antara Adversity Intelligence dan Persepsi terhadap Kohesivitas Kelompok dengan Organizational Citizenship Behavior pada Karyawan PT Padma Soode Indonesia”. Unpublished Magister Thesis. Surakarta: UNS [Universitas Sebelas Maret].
Rafols, J.C. (2015). “Profile, Adversity Quotient®, and Multifactor Leadership Characteristics of Student Affairs and Services Administrators: Towards a Leadership Management Training Design”. Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Philippines: Graduate Programs, College of Education, Silliman University. Available online also at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_Rafols.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Rasch, G. (1960). Probabilistic Models for Some Intelligence and Attainment Tests. Copenhagen: Danmarks Paedagogiske Institut.
Rehn, E. & E.J. Sirleaf. (2002). Women, War, and Peace: The Independent Experts’ Assessment on the Impact of Armed Conflict on Women and Women’s Role in Peace-Building. New York: UNIFEM [United Nations Development Fund for Women]. Available online also at: https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/3F71081FF391653DC1256C69003170E9-unicef-WomenWarPeace.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Sachdev, P. (2009). “Effectiveness of an Intervention Programme to Develop Adversity Quotient of Potential Leaders”. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Mumbai, India: Rizvi Institute of Management Studies & Research, Women’s University. Available online also at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_pritiSachdev.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Sausa, L. et al. (2015). “Predictive Ability of Emotional Intelligence and Adversity Quotient on Academic Performance of USC College Students, Philippines”. Available online at: http://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_sauza.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Seligman, M.E.P. (1972). “Learned Helplessness”. Available online at: https://ppc.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/learnedhelplessness.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Sho’imah, D.W. (2010). “Hubungan Adversity Quotient dan Self-Efficacy dengan Toleransi terhadap Stres pada Mahasiswa”. Skripsi Sarjana Tidak Diterbitkan. Surakarta: Program Studi Psikologi, Fakultas Kedokteran UNS [Universitas Sebelas Maret]. Available online also at: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/12348497.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Showkat, N. & H. Parveen. (2017). “Non-Probability and Probability Sampling”. Available online at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319066480_Non-Probability_and_Probability_Sampling [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Sjaastad, J. (2014). “Enhancing Measurement in Science and Mathematics Education Research through Rasch Analysis: Rationale and Properties” in NorDiNa, Volume 10(2). Available online also at: https://brage.bibsys.no/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11250/275608/662-4553-1-PB.pdf?sequence=3 [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 24, 2018].
Solis, B.D. & R.L. Elna. (2015). “Stress Level and Adversity Quotient among Single Working Mothers” in Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Volume 3(5).
Southwick, S.M. et al. (2014). “Resilience Definitions, Theory, and Challenges: Interdisciplinary Perspectives” in European Journal of Psychotraumatology, Volume 5. Available online also at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4185134/ [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 24, 2018].
Stoltz, Paul. (1997). Adversity Quotient®: Turning Obstacles into Opportunities. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Stoltz, Paul & E. Weihenmayer. (2010). The Adversity Advantage. New York: Simon & Schuster, inc.
Sudarman. (2012). “Adversity Quotient: Kajian Kemungkinan Pengintegrasiannya dalam Pembelajaran Matematika” in Jurnal AKSIOMA, Volume 1(1).
Sumintono, B. & W. Widhiarso. (2013). Aplikasi Model RASCH untuk Penelitian Ilmu-ilmu Sosial. Cimahi: Trim Komunikata Publishing House.
Suprianto, G.B. & Y. Novanto. (2016). “Influence Adversity Quotient and Social Support Family to Achieve Motivation Finswimming Athletes in Surabaya”. Paper for ASEAN Conference 2nd on Psychology & Humanity © Psychology Forum UMM, on February 19-20. Available online also at: http://mpsi.umm.ac.id/files/file/807%20-%20813%20Gita%20Benefita%20Suprianto.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Tolhuizen, J.H. (1985). “Control and Affiliation: A Two Dimensional Approach to Relational Communication”. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Central States Speech Association, Indianapolis, Indiana USA [United States of America], on April. Available online also at: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED258288.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 24, 2018].
Tremblay, K., D. Lalancette & D. Roseveare. (2012). Assessment of Higher Education Learning Outcomes, Feasibility Study Report, Volume 1: Design and Implementation. USA [United States of America]: OECD [Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development] Publications. Available online also at: http://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/AHELOFSReportVolume1.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Tripathi, S. (2011). “Use of Adversity Quotient in Creating Strong Business Leaders of Tomorrow”. Unpublished Doctoral Thesis. Mumbai, India: SNDT Women’s University.
Tugade, M. & B. Fredrickson. (2004). “Resilient Individuals Use Emotions to Bounce Back from Negative Emotional Experiences” in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Volume 86, pp.320-333.
Varga, M.D. (2012). “Adderall Abuse on College Campuses: A Comprehensive Literature Review” in Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, Volume 9, pp.293-313. DOI: 10.1080/15433714.2010.525402.
Verma, S., A. Aggarwal & H. Bansal. (2017). “The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EQ) and Adversity Quotient (AQ)” in IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), Volume 19, Issue 1 [January], pp.49-53.
Villagonzalo, R.R. (2016). “Intelligence Quotient, Emotional Quotient, Spiritual Quotient, and Adversity Quotient® and the Academic Performance of Students”. Unpublished Undergraduate Thesis. City of Koronadal: St. Alexius College. Available online also at: https://www.peaklearning.com/documents/PEAK_GRI_Villagonzalo.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Vinas, D.K.D. & M.G. Aquino-Malabanan. (2015). “Adversity Quotient and Coping Strategies of College Students in Lyceum of the Philippines University” in Asia Pacific Journal of Education, Arts, and Sciences, Vol.2, No.3 [July]. Available online also at: http://oaji.net/articles/2015/1710-1440095335.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: March 11, 2018].
Wardiana, P.A. et al. (2014). “Hubungan antara Adversity Quotient dan Minat Belajar dengan Prestasi Belajar Matematika pada Siswa Kelas V Sekolah Dasar” in Jurnal Mimbar Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha, Vol.2, No.1.
WEF [World Economic Forum]. (2017). The Global Gender Gap Report: Insight Report. Geneva Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Available online also at: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
Wright, C., C. Mannathoko & M. Pasic. (2006). The Child-Friendly Schools Manual. New York: UNICEF’s Division of Communication. Available online also at: https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Child_Friendly_Schools_Manual_EN_040809.pdf [accessed in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: April 1, 2018].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2121/.v1i2.1110
DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.2121/.v1i2.1110.g989
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 HONAI
HONAI: International Journal for Educational, Social, Political & Cultural Studies. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License