The Hegemony of the Vikings of the Eastern Seas in Borneo during the 18th and 19th Century

Ismail Ali

Abstract


ABSTRACT: The 18th and 19th centuries saw the emergence of the Iranun and the Balangingi originating from the Philippine islands and the Sea Dayak of Sarawak as heroes or seafarers; and it was a nightmare for European and Chinese sailors whose sailing to the waters of Borneo and Southeast Asia at the time. This article – using historical methods, qualitative approaches, and literature review – seeks to analyze the actions of the Iranun, Balangingi, and Sea Dayak who often rob Western trade ships, and make their ships a commodity of commerce, that is in the form of slaves, has led to the origin of their own identity, from a nation called Iranun and Balangingi in the ancient Sulu islands and Sea Dayak of Sarawak (Borneo), to a new nation known as a “pirate” nation created by the West. In this context, their redefinition of a new nation gradually eroded and lost their original identity and became widely accepted by local communities in the Malay archipelago of the 18th century. This article is not intended to make moral judgments about the views, interpretations, and views of Western sailors and merchants from the deck of their sailing vessels in Southeast Asia. Thus, this article aims to reinterpreting the history of piracy based on the Malay cultural world.

KEY WORD: Iranun, Balangingi, and Sea Dayak; Malay Piracy World; Historical Interpretation. 

ABSTRAKSI: “Hegemoni Viking dari Laut Timur di Borneo pada Kurun 18 dan 19 Masihi”. Abad ke-18 dan ke-19 telah menyaksikan kemunculan orang-orang Iranun dan Balangingi yang berasal dari kepulauan Filipina dan orang-orang Dayak Laut dari Sarawak sebagai hero atau jaguh di laut; dan sekaligus menjadi mimpi ngeri kepada para pelayar Eropah dan China yang berlayar ke kawasan perairan kepulauan Borneo dan Asia Tenggara pada waktu itu. Artikel ini – dengan mengguna-pakai kaedah sejarah, pendekatan kualitatif, dan sorotan literatur – mahukan menganalisi tindakan orang-orang Iranun, Balangingi, dan Dayak Laut yang seringkali merompak kapal-kapal dagang Barat, dan menjadikan anak-anak kapal sebagai komoditi dagangan, iaitu dalam bentuk hamba, telah menyebabkan berlakunya dalam asal-usul identiti mereka sendiri, iaitu dari sebuah bangsa bernama Iranun dan Balangingi di kepulauan Sulu dan Dayak Laut di Sarawak (Borneo), yang telah lama wujud, kepada satu bangsa baru yang dikenali sebagai bangsa “lanun” yang dicipta oleh Barat. Dalam konteks ini, pengidentifikasian semula mereka menjadi satu bangsa yang baru secara perlahan-lahan telah menghakis dan menghilangkan identiti asal yang mereka miliki dan mula diterima-pakai oleh masyarakat setempat di kepulauan Nusantara pada abad ke-18. Artikel ini tidak bertujuan untuk membuat pengadilan moral berhubung tanggapan, tafsiran, dan pandangan para pelayar dan pedagang Barat dari atas dek kapal mereka yang berlayar di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Justeru, artikel ini bertujuan untuk mentafsirkan semula sejarah perlanunan dari perspektif alam tamadun Melayu.

KATA KUNCI: Orang Iranun, Balangingi, dan Dayak Laut; Dunia Perlanunan Melayu; Pentafsiran Semula Sejarah.

About the Author: Prof. Dr. Ismail Ali is a Lecturer at the History Program, Faculty of Art, Humanities, and Legacy UMS (Malaysia University of Sabah) in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia; and Chairperson of ASPENSI (Association of Indonesian Scholars of History Education) in Bandung, Indonesia, for period 2018-2023. For academic interests, the author can be contacted via his e-mail address at: ismailrc@ums.edu.my

Suggested Citation: Ali, Ismail. (2019). “The Hegemony of the Vikings of the Eastern Seas in Borneo during the 18th and 19th Century” in INSANCITA: Journal of Islamic Studies in Indonesia and Southeast Asia, Volume 4(1), February, pp.55-76. Bandung, West Java, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press owned by ASPENSI, with ISSN 2443-1776 (print) and ISSN 2657-0491 (online).

Article Timeline: Accepted (December 27, 2018); Revised (January 25, 2019); and Published (February 28, 2019).


Keywords


Iranun, Balangingi, and Sea Dayak; Malay Piracy World; Historical Interpretation

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2121/incita-jisisea.v4i1.1199

DOI (PDF): https://doi.org/10.2121/incita-jisisea.v4i1.1199.g1046

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